Glossary
Have you heard an investment term whose meaning you don’t know? Here you’ll find hundreds of investment terms defined in plain language. Search for a term or browse using the dropdown sections.
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| Account statement | A record of transactions in an account at a financial institution or investment firm, usually provided each month. |
| Accredited investor | A government, financial institution, large company, or individual with a required level of income or assets, permitted to invest in certain types of high-risk securities. |
| Advisors / advisers | Advisors/advisers specialize in giving advice to clients about investing in securities and are registered with the securities regulators. |
| Affinity fraud | A type of scam that usually occurs in a group setting (ethnic groups, clubs, associations, religious groups, etc.). Fraudsters will gain trust by joining groups with common interests; it is often easier to trust someone who is like you or has similar interests to you. Once trust is gained, it is easier to perpetrate a scam. |
| Altcoin | Shorthand for alternative coin, meaning other crypto coins that are not Bitcoin. |
| Annual information form (AIF) | An AIF is a legally required disclosure document to provide material information about a company and its business at a particular point in time based on its historical and possible future development. |
| Annual report | A comprehensive report issued to shareholders that provides information about a company’s activities and financial condition. |
| Annuity | A financial instrument that provides a series of payments at regular intervals for a specified period of time. |
| Appreciation | How much your money, investments, or other assets go up in value as time passes. |
| Ask price | The lowest price a seller is willing to accept for a security. |
| Asset class | A group of assets that have similar characteristics. Examples of asset classes include stocks, bonds, real estate, or cash. |
| Asset mix | The allocation of assets within a fund or your portfolio that is invested in the three major asset classes: cash and equivalents, fixed income, and equity. |
| Asset-backed commercial paper | Short-term debt typically issued by banks and financial institutions. This is a kind of commercial paper that is backed by a pool of assets, such as credit card receivables, car loans, or mortgages. |
| Assets | Resources with financial value that are owned or controlled by a person or organization. Examples of assets are money, securities, equipment, and buildings. |
| Auditor’s report | An important report that provides an auditor’s opinion on whether financial information presented by a company is free from material misstatements. An auditor is independent of the company and must be licensed by a professional accounting body (e.g. Chartered Professional Accountants of British Columbia). |
| Back-end load | A type of fee that investors pay when they sell mutual fund shares. The fee is a percentage of the value of the share being sold. |
| Balance sheet or statement of financial position | A financial statement that shows a company’s financial condition at a specific point in time. It summarizes a company’s assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity |
| Balanced portfolio | An investment portfolio that holds an appropriate mix of different types of investments, such as bonds and shares. |
| BC Securities Commission (BCSC) | The independent provincial government agency that regulates trading in securities (like stocks and bonds) and protects investors in BC. |
| Bear market | A 20% or greater drop in stock prices since the most recent peak. Stock prices often fall during a recession because consumer confidence and spending fall and businesses make less money. |
| Benchmark | A market or sector index against which you can measure the performance of an investment (such as a mutual fund). |
| Beneficial owner | The individual who has the benefits of owning a security even though the title may be registered in another name. |
| Better Business Bureau (BBB) | An organization dedicated to fostering fair and honest relationships between businesses and customers, instilling consumer confidence, and contributing to an ethical business environment. |
| Bid price | The highest price a buyer is willing to pay for a security. |
| Bid-ask spread | The gap between the price a buyer is willing to pay and the price a seller is willing to accept. Stock spreads for larger, well-established companies are often narrower than spreads for smaller, newer companies. Wider spreads increase investment transaction costs. |
| Bitcoin | The most well-known crypto asset and the first to be mined in 2009. |
| Blockchain | A type of digital ledger system that tracks and validates transactions through a decentralized network of computers. |
| Blockchain explorer | A browser that shows details of transactions on a blockchain network. |
| Blockchain funds | Funds that invest in companies that have operations related to blockchain technology. Blockchain funds allow investors to access the technology behind crypto assets without directly buying, owning, or trading crypto. |
| Boiler room | A scheme or fraud where salespeople use high pressure techniques, often by telephone, to push investment opportunities to generally unsophisticated investors. |
| Bond | An investment in which a government or company promises to repay money borrowed from investors at a specified time and to pay interest at a specified rate. A bond is secured against the borrower’s assets. |
| Bond ladder | A strategy for fixed income products that attempts to minimize risk by dividing up investment dollars evenly among bonds that mature at different times. |
| Broker | A registered person who brings together someone who wants to buy investments with someone who wants to sell. Brokers often charge a fee or commission for their services. |
| Budget | An estimate of the income and expenses of a person, a family, or an organization, over a certain period of time. |
| Bull market | An extended period of time where stock prices rise and investors are optimistic. Often tied to economic recovery or an economic boom. |
| Call option | A type of option that gives the holder the right to buy an asset at a specified price within a specified time. |
| Callable | A term that applies to bonds and preferred shares where the company may require you to sell back the bonds or shares by a certain date for a specified price. Also known as redeemable. |
| Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) | A federal government organization that provides insurance to protect money deposited in Canadian banks and certain other financial institutions. See more at CDIC. |
| Canada Education Savings Grant | Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) provides an incentive for families to save for their child's post-secondary education by paying a grant based on the amount contributed to an RESP for the child. The grant will be directly deposited into the child's RESP. |
| Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) | The federal government agency that collects taxes and administers Canada’s tax laws. See more at CRA. |
| Canada Savings Bond (CSB) | Financial product offered by the Bank of Canada with a guaranteed minimum amount of interest. |
| Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization (CIRO) | A self-regulatory organization that oversees all investment dealers, mutual fund dealers, and trading activity in Canada’s debt and equity marketplaces. As of January 1, 2023, CIRO consolidated the functions of the Mutual Fund Dealers Association of Canada (MFDA) and the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC). |
| Canadian Premium Bonds (CPBs) | A low-risk investment from the Bank of Canada. It offers a higher interest rate than a Canada Savings Bond. You can only redeem CPBs once a year on or within 30 days of the anniversary date each year. |
| Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) | A council of the securities regulators of Canada’s 13 provinces and territories. See more at CSA. |
| Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE) | A stock exchange for trading the equity securities of emerging companies. Formerly known as Canadian National Stock Exchange and CNQ, Canadian Trading and Quotation System Inc. See more at CSE. |
| Capital gain | The increase in an investment’s value. It is the difference between the amount you initially paid for an investment and the amount you sold it for. |
| Cash account | A trading account where you pay cash for all transactions. |
| Cash equivalent | An investment that can be quickly converted to cash with little risk, such as a treasury bill. |
| Cash requirements | The extent to which you depend on your investments to meet day-to-day expenses. Investors who rely on their investments to meet daily living expenses will be much less comfortable with the risk of losses. |
| Category | Used when referring to stocks or mutual funds, categories help investors make meaningful comparisons between investments |
| Cease Trade Order (CTO) | An order issued by a provincial or territorial securities commission or similar regulatory body against a company, management of a company, or any individual for a breach or an alleged breach of the Securities Act. Most CTOs are issued as a result of a filing deficiency, such as the failure to file a proper quarterly or annual financial statement, but may also be issued as a result of an enforcement action that involves a proven or admitted breach of the Securities Act. |
| Certificate of deposit | A debt instrument that pays a fixed rate of interest at a certain point in time. Funds must be kept on deposit for a fixed period of time. |
| Clearing house | An organization that settles trades and regulates the delivery of securities transactions. |
| Client Relationship Model 2 (CRM2) | Securities law requirements that provide investors with information from their registered investment advisors on the costs and performance of their investments, as well as other information related to their accounts. |
| Closed end investment fund | A fund that issues a finite number of units or shares, which may trade on a stock exchange. |
| Cold wallet | An offline crypto wallet. Also known as cold storage. Generally, assets stored in a cold wallet are more secure than assets stored in a hot wallet. |
| Commercial paper | A form of loan you make to a corporation. You buy the investment at a discount and you get the full value back on the maturity date. The time period is less than one year. |
| Commission | A fee you pay to your investment dealer or advisor for their services, such as providing investment advice and conducting transactions. |
| Commodity | A basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with another similar product. Commodity prices are subject to supply and demand. Examples include grain and oil. |
| Commodity pool | A fund that invests in derivatives or commodities that conventional mutual funds are not permitted to invest in. |
| Common share | A share in the ownership of a company, giving the holder a vote in the election of directors and some other major corporate decisions, and with the right to share in available assets if the company is wound up. |
| Compound interest | Interest that’s paid on the original amount deposited, and also on any interest that’s been earned in previous periods (e.g., in year 1, the bank pays you $5 interest on your $100 deposit; in year 2, it pays you interest on $105). Also see Rule of 72. |
| Contingency fund | A fund that exists to provide certain protections if a dealer becomes insolvent either because of business failure or fraud that leads to insolvency. Examples include the Canadian Investor Protection Fund (CIPF) for investment dealers and the MFDA’s Investor Protection Corporation (IPC) for mutual fund dealers. |
| Continuous disclosure | The legally required public disclosure by issuers of their financial statements and new releases. |
| Contracts-For-Difference | Contracts-For-Difference, commonly called CFDs, are contracts between buyers and sellers stipulating that sellers will pay an amount based on future value of an underlying thing when the contract is due. The underlying things typically include assets, such as securities or commodities, or benchmarks, such as currency exchange rates or securities indices. CFDs are financial derivatives considered to be securities and specified derivatives under BC securities legislation. |
| Contribution room | The amount of money you can put into a registered savings plan. Different registered savings plans have different contribution rules. Visit the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) website to learn more about the available registered savings plans and how they could help you achieve your financial goals. |
| Control person | Significant shareholders, acting alone or with others, that are in a position to influence the actions of a company. |
| Counterparty | A party to a contract, generally the entity or person(s) with whom you negotiate an agreement (with the other party to a transaction). |
| Coupon rate | The interest rate stated on a bond, note, or other fixed income security when it is first sold. |
| Credit union | A financial institution that is owned by its members (depositors and borrowers). |
| Credit Union Deposit Insurance Corporation (CUDIC) | A government organization that provides insurance to protect money deposited in BC credit unions. See more at CUDIC. |
| Crowdfunding | A web-based process that gives businesses a way to collect small amounts of money from a large number of people. |
| Crypto asset | An umbrella term for all digital assets that use cryptography, a peer-to-peer network, and a digital ledger system to record transactions. |
| Crypto asset trading platform | An online trading service that allows investors to buy, sell, and in some cases, store crypto assets. |
| Crypto exchange-traded funds | A type of exchange-traded fund (ETF) that tracks crypto assets instead of stocks or bonds. These products are generally intended to enable investors to gain financial exposure to crypto assets without directly owning them. |
| Crypto miners | Operators of computers connected to a blockchain who validate crypto asset transactions. If they add the transaction to the blockchain, they receive new crypto assets or fees as a reward. |
| Cryptocurrency | Cryptocurrency, or digital currency, refers to digital assets whose properties vary depending on the cryptocurrency’s terms and features. |
| Cryptography | A method of protecting information and communications through the use of codes so that only those for whom the information is intended can read and process it. |
| Cumulative collection or successive additions | Accumulation of unpaid dividends to be repaid if a company makes money. |
| Currency risk | Related to foreign exchange rate changes, this affects the value of assets denominated in a foreign currency. |
| Custodian | Provides storage of crypto assets for professional and institutional investors for a fee. Assets could be stored online (hot storage) or offline (cold storage) and may support a multi-approval approach (multi-signature wallets). |
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| Dealers | People, or investment firms, registered to buy or sell securities on behalf of clients and give advice to clients about the purchase or sale of securities. |
| Debenture | Similar to a bond, a company promises to repay money borrowed from investors at a specified time and to pay interest at a specified rate. A debenture is secured only against the general credit of the borrower. |
| Debt | An amount borrowed from lenders. The borrower pays interest for the use of the money and is obliged to repay by a specific date. Examples include bonds, commercial paper, and debentures. |
| Decentralized finance (DeFi) | An umbrella term for peer-to-peer financial transactions on blockchains. |
| Decision | A direction, decision, order or ruling or requirement made under a power or right given by the Securities Act or the regulations. |
| Deferred sales charge (DSC) | A type of back-end load that investors pay if they sell shares of a mutual fund within a specified period of time, usually the first 6 or 7 years. |
| Defined benefit pension plan | A pension plan whereby an employer pays a predetermined and ongoing amount when an employee retires. The amount is based on earnings and the number of years worked. |
| Defined contribution pension plan | A pension plan with an individual account for each participant. The amount of the benefit is based on how much you make each year and how much your company contributes. The retirement income depends on the plan’s investment income and the amount contributed to the plan. |
| Deflation | A drop in the price of goods and services over time. While uncommon, deflation can happen when the supply of money or credit shrinks, or when consumers or government cut spending. Deflation means the same number of dollars will buy more. |
| Deposit insurance | An insurance plan designed to protect the money you deposit if a bank, credit union, or trust company fails. See also CDIC and CUDIC. |
| Depreciation | The amount that something drops in value over time. Some consumer products (cars, furniture, electronics) depreciate quickly (i.e. lose a lot of their value in a short time). Some assets (e.g. real estate, stocks) may depreciate (lose value) or appreciate (gain value) over time. |
| Derivative | A financial contract that gives you the right to buy and sell at specified prices. Examples include call and put options. |
| Disciplinary action | Action taken by a securities regulator to discipline an individual, company, or registrant. This can include a fine or a ban from the securities market. |
| Discount broker | A stockbroker that charges lower fees compared to full service brokers. No investment advice is given. |
| Discount brokerage firm | Brokerage firms that provide no investment advice, and charge a lower fee to buy and sell securities. |
| Discretionary trade | When you give someone else authority to make investment decisions and trade securities for you without checking with you prior to each trade. |
| Distributed ledger | A system in which records of transactions are simultaneously maintained at multiple points through a network of computers. Blockchain is a type of distributed ledger. |
| Diversification | A way to reduce portfolio risk and volatility by investing in various types of investments. It is unlikely the value of these securities will move up or down at the same time. |
| Diversify | Reducing risk by investing in a number of assets. |
| Dividend | A portion of a company’s profit that a company decides to pay to shareholders. |
| Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP) | The automatic reinvestment of shareholder dividends in more shares of the company's stock. |
| Dividend yield | A financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends relative to the current share price. |
| Dollar cost averaging | A strategy that requires investing money at regular intervals regardless of market conditions. Designed to reduce price volatility. |
| Dow Jones Industrial Average | A price-weighted average of 30 actively traded blue-chip stocks, primarily industrials including stocks that trade on the New York Stock Exchange. The Dow is a barometer of how shares of the largest US companies are performing. |
| Early warning report | A report that must be filed when a person or group of people acquire 10% of a company's securities. |
| Earnings per share (EPS) | The portion of a company's profits divided by the number of shares outstanding. |
| Educational Assistance Payment (EAP) | Payments from a group scholarship plan that a child receives when attending a post secondary institution. |
| Emotional requirements | Your emotional response to risk and to changes in the value of your investments. Some people are quite comfortable with the ups and downs of the market, while others lose sleep when their investments fluctuate in value. |
| Equity | See our shareholders’ equity definition |
| Equity investments | Ownership shares in a company. Also known as shares and stocks |
| Equity risk | The risk of holding equity (usually stock) in a company. Examples of equity risk include when a stock price falls or when the company dividend is reduced or suspended. |
| Escrow | Securities deposited with a neutral third party and held in trust that are delivered when certain conditions are fulfilled. |
| ETF Facts | Short document that summarizes key information about an exchange-traded fund (ETF) in a simple and easily comparable format. It includes information about the fund’s investments, risk rating, past performance, and the costs of owning it. |
| Exchange-traded fund (ETF) | A fund that holds the same mix of investments as a stock or bond market index and trades on a stock exchange. |
| Exempt market | A market where private companies sell their securities under various exemptions from the prospectus and registration requirements. See also exemption, private company, and offering memorandum. |
| Exemption | The Securities Act and Rules provide a number of exemptions from the registration and prospectus requirements. If you purchase securities using these exemptions, the securities are subject to resale restrictions. |
| Expected return | The overall profit you expect to receive from an investment in the future which may be very different from the actual returns that you eventually receive. |
| Face value | The value printed on the face of currency or other financial instruments, like bonds or debentures. The amount that a lender will receive when a bond or debenture is repaid, exclusive of interest. See also maturity date. |
| Fiat Currency | Fiat money is government-issued currency that is not backed by a physical commodity, such as gold or silver. |
| Financial advisor | A person who offers advice about buying or selling investments. |
| Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC) | Canadian agency that protects and educates consumers about financial services. |
| Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) | The largest independent regulator for all US securities firms. See more at FINRA. |
| Financial institution | A bank, trust company, credit union, or other institution that offers financial services such as savings and chequing accounts, loans, and credit cards. |
| Financial plan | A written plan that helps you identify your goals and figure out how to manage your money to achieve your goals. |
| Financial planners | People who determine how individuals can meet their financial goals through proper management of their financial resources. They offer financial services such as budgeting, cash and debt management, retirement, and tax planning. Except in Québec, financial planners are not subject to provincial registration or regulation. |
| Financial statements | A formal record of a company’s financial activities for a period of time, usually including a statement of financial position or balance sheet, statement of comprehensive income or income statement, cash flows or a cash flow statement, and notes. |
| First Home Savings Account (FHSA) | An investment account registered with the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) that allows you, as a prospective first-time homebuyer, to set aside a certain amount of tax-free money each year towards the purchase of your first home in Canada. |
| Fixed income investments | Investments that pay you predetermined interest or dividend income such as government and corporate bonds and debentures. |
| Flow-through partnership | Provides tax-assisted investment in a portfolio of flow-through shares of resource companies (generally oil and gas or mineral exploration) with earnings and capital appreciation for the benefit of the limited partnership. |
| Flow-through share | A special type of common share issued by oil and gas or mineral exploration companies that allows certain tax deductions. |
| Foreign exchange (forex) | Investing in different currencies to make money on the changes in exchange rates. Also known as FX trading. |
| Forward | A contract where the seller agrees to deliver to the buyer an agreed amount of an asset at a specified price on a specified future date. Forwards are traded in the over-the-counter market. |
| Front-end load | A type of fee that investors pay when a mutual fund is initially purchased. Front-end loads decrease the size of the investment because they are deducted from the initial investment amount. |
| Full service investment firm | A firm that provides a full range of investment products and services for a variety of fee types, including investment advice. |
| Fund Facts | A document that highlights key information for an investor in a mutual fund, in language the investor can easily understand, including a description of the fund as well as the performance, risks, and costs of buying and owning the fund. |
| Future | A derivative product whereby the seller agrees to deliver to the buyer an agreed amount of an asset at a specified price on a future date. Futures are traded on an exchange. |
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| Governance token | A crypto token that grants voting power to users on a blockchain or other crypto project. This means users may have the opportunity to determine future rules and goals of the project as well as influence changes to the blockchain architecture. |
| Gross income | Your taxable income from all sources before most deductions and before tax. Examples of taxable income are your pay from a job, income or loss from a business, interest income, dividend income, and all gains (and losses) that you generate in an unregistered investment account. |
| Guaranteed investment certificate (GIC) | Deposit certificate issued by a financial institution. |
| Guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (GMWB) | Guaranteed fixed income that certain segregated funds will pay out of your investment. |
| Hedge | An investment made to reduce the risk of adverse price movements of another asset. |
| Hedge fund | An investment pool that uses advanced investment strategies that are not generally permitted for traditional mutual funds. Examples include various types of derivatives. |
| High yield investment program (HYIP) | An investment that promises high rates of return but is a scam. It is a type of Ponzi scheme where returns are paid with money invested by new investors. |
| Hot wallet | A crypto wallet that is connected to the Internet. Also known as hot storage. Generally, assets stored in a hot wallet are less secure than assets stored in a cold wallet. |
| Income statement or statement of comprehensive income | A financial statement that measures a company's financial performance by summarizing revenues and expenses for a specific period of time. |
| Income trust | A trust that is designed to distribute cash to investors. Examples: real estate investment trusts (REITS), oil and gas income trusts, also known as royalty trusts. |
| Incorporated | A firm or company that has formed a legal corporation by completing the required procedures. See more at British Columbia Corporate Registry. |
| Index | A statistical composite of securities that measures financial and economic performance. It is used as a performance benchmark. |
| Index investing | Stock exchanges often create indices that reflect the price changes of certain stocks listed on that exchange. The index rises and falls as the prices of the underlying stocks rise and fall. Examples of indices are the TSX Composite, S&P 500, and MSCI World indices. Some ETFs and mutual funds are index funds, which means they invest in a group of stocks and/or derivatives that are or behave like a particular market index. You can buy units of an index ETF or mutual fund. Index ETFs in particular are a popular choice for investors seeking lower-cost, diversified, and passive investments that often outperform individual stock picks and higher-cost, actively-traded ETFs or mutual funds. |
| Individual variable insurance contract (IVIC) | A contract with a life insurance company that gives the contract holder certain specified benefits based on the value of one or more segregated funds. |
| Inflation | A rise in the cost of goods and services and fall in the value of money over time. A common measure of inflation is the Consumer Price Index, maintained by Statistics Canada. |
| Information circular | A document sent to shareholders that outlines important issues that will be discussed at a shareholder’s meeting. |
| Initial coin offering (ICO) | ICOs are commonly used by companies to raise money through the sale of cryptocurrencies they have created. They are also referred to as ITO. |
| Initial public offering (IPO) | A company’s first sale of stock to the public. |
| Initial token offering (ITO) | ITOs are commonly used by companies to raise money through the sale of cryptocurrencies they have created. They are also referred to as ICO. |
| Insider | A director or officer of a company, a shareholder who owns a significant number of shares, a director or officer of a person that is itself an insider, a subsidiary, and certain other specified individuals or companies. |
| Insider disclosure | The legally required public disclosure by insiders of their securities holdings and transactions. |
| Integrated Market Enforcement Teams (IMET) | RCMP-led units of investigators focused on capital markets fraud. The initiative is a partnership with Justice Canada's Federal Prosecution Service, provincial and municipal forces, and securities commissions and market regulators. See more at IMET. |
| Interest | A fee paid for borrowing money expressed as a percentage rate over a period of time. |
| Interest rate risk | Related to interest rate changes, this affects the value of bonds and other debt instruments. |
| Interim financial report | For financial years beginning on or after January 1, 2011, financial statements issued for an accounting period of less than one year. Formerly called interim financial statements. |
| International financial reporting standards (IFRS) | Global accounting standards that provide transparent and comparable information in financial statements. IFRS will apply to most Canadian publicly accountable enterprises for financial years beginning on or after Janaury 1, 2011. |
| Inverse ETF (leveraged ETF) | An exchange-traded fund that uses derivatives to profit from a decline in the value of an underlying benchmark. |
| Investment | A way to put your money to work in the expectation that it will provide income, increase in value, or both. |
| Investment fund | An investment entity where money is pooled and invested in various assets. Each investor owns unit or shares of the fund. Investment funds include mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. |
| Investor alert | The BCSC issues Investor Alerts to raise public awareness about suspicious activities. |
| Investor watch | The BCSC issues investor Watches to provide information on specific products or investment opportunities that investors should be cautious about. |
| Issuer | An individual, company or entity that has issued or is proposing to issue securities, often to raise capital from investors for a business venture or investment. A common example of an issuer is a company looking to sell its own securities (common shares, bonds, etc.). |
| Issuer bid | An issuer offers to buy back some of their own securities. Often done when the company believes the market is undervaluing its shares. |
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| Junk bond | A high-risk, speculative bond with a low credit rating and high risk of default. |
| Kiosk | A physical automated teller machine (ATM) that allows users to use cash to purchase crypto assets. |
| Know your client | The duty of investment dealers and advisors to understand the general investment needs and objectives of their client. |
| Labour sponsored investment fund | A fund that provides venture capital to new and small businesses, and offers tax incentives to investors. |
| Land banking | The practice of purchasing undeveloped land for resale to a developer in the future. |
| Legal advice | Advice from a lawyer on your individual circumstances. |
| Letter of credit | A written commitment issued by a financial institution that acts as an irrevocable guarantee of payment. |
| Leverage | An investment technique where you use a small amount of your own money to make an investment of much larger value. It involves borrowing money and can result in magnified gains or losses. |
| Leveraged ETF | An exchange-traded fund that uses derivatives and debt to amplify returns of an underlying benchmark. |
| Limited partnership | An interest in a partnership consisting of a general partner who manages the partnership, and limited partners who provide the investment capital. |
| Linked note | A hybrid investment product that combines the features of fixed income investments and derivatives. The return is linked to the performance of an underlying benchmark, such as one or more stocks, a stock market index, a commodity, a currency, an investment fund, or other portfolio. |
| Liquid asset | An asset that can be sold rapidly, with minimal loss in value, anytime within market hours. If your asset is illiquid, you may have to hold on to it even as it loses value. |
| Liquidity | Ability to sell an investment quickly and at a fair price. |
| Liquidity risk | The risk of being unable to sell your investment at fair price when you want to. To sell the investment, you may need to accept a lower price. In some cases it may not be possible to sell the investment at all. For stock investments, the liquidity risk for a large actively-traded company is usually much lower than for a small thinly-traded start-up company. |
| Locked-in retirement account (LIRA) | An account for locked-in pension funds. It is like an RRSP, but funds are not normally available to holders until retirement. |
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| Management expense ratio (MER) | The management expense ratio (MER) is the total of the management fee and operating expenses expressed as a percentage of the fund's value. Funds show their MER as a percentage of the fund's assets. |
| Management fee | A service fee you pay the manager of your investments to manage the risk inherent in your portfolio. |
| Management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) | The section of a quarterly or annual financial report in which the issuer's management comments on its financial results ( Management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) ). |
| Margin account | A trading account that allows you to borrow money to buy securities. |
| Market maker | A company or individual who buys and sells securities to ensure market liquidity. |
| Market price | The price that buyers and sellers agree to trade the security on the open market. The prevailing price that the security is sold. |
| Market risk | The risk of investments declining in value because of economic developments (e.g. recession) or other events (e.g. pandemic) that affect the entire market. The main types of market risk are equity risk, interest rate risk, and currency risk. |
| Material change | A change in a company's business that significantly affects the market value of its securities. |
| Maturity date | The date on which a bond, debenture, GIC, or term deposit is due to be repaid. |
| Money market fund | Mutual fund that invests in short-term fixed income securities. |
| Money mule | Someone who is used in the money laundering process as a middle person that enables criminals to move funds or cryptocurrency across accounts. |
| Mortgage backed security | A debt security where the payments to investors are backed by a pool of mortgages, either on residential or commercial properties. |
| Mortgage investment company (MIC) | An investment and lending company that purchases mortgages for investment purposes. |
| Mutual fund | A pool of money that is invested in securities for a large number of investors by a professional money manager and entitles you to redeem your units at the end of each trading day. |
| Mutual fund dealer | A company that buys and sells the shares or units of mutual funds for investors. |
| Mutual fund unit | Part ownership in a mutual fund. |
| NASDAQ 100 | Includes 100 of the largest US domestic and international non-financial companies listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market based on market capitalization. The index includes companies across major industry groups including computer hardware and software, telecommunications, retail/wholesale trade, and biotechnology. |
| National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) | The largest electronic screen-based equity securities market in the United States, founded in 1971. See more at NASDAQ. |
| National CTO Database | Real-time dissemination system of cease trade order information operated and maintained by the CSA. The national CTO database includes outstanding CTOs against issuers, management, and individuals from the securities regulatory authorities in most provinces. See more at National CTO Database. |
| National Registration Database (NRD) | The CSA's national web-based system that permits individuals who are dealers or advisors to file registration forms electronically. |
| Net asset value (NAV) | The value of all the assets of a mutual fund, less the fund's liabilities. |
| New client account form | You are required to complete this form when you open a securities trading account. This form includes basic personal information and your investment preferences. |
| Nominal rate of return | The amount of money, expressed as a percentage, that you make on an investment before expenses such as taxes, fees, or inflation. |
| Non-disclosure agreement | A contract that protects information that is considered to be proprietary or confidential. Also known as a confidentiality agreement. |
| Non-fungible token (NFT) | A type of digital token that is, in theory, unique and cannot be traded for something truly identical. These tokens may represent certain property rights over a digital or real-world object such as art, music, or video. |
| North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA) | An association that consists of Canadian provincial, American state, and Mexican federal securities regulators. NASAA promotes cooperation in the development and enforcement of securities laws and assists members in investor protection. See more at NASAA. |
| Notice of hearing | If BCSC staff decide to pursue a case against someone or a firm, we issue a notice of hearing. It contains key information about the hearing, such as the allegations and proposed penalties. Notices are published on the BCSC public website. |
| Offering document | A document that offers securities for sale, including an offering memorandum or a prospectus. |
| Offering memorandum | A legal disclosure document that has the same purpose as a prospectus, but is much shorter and less detailed. It must contain specific information about the investment that help potential buyers make an investment decision on exempt-market securities. |
| Offshore investment banking | Investment banking that is handled outside of Canada. |
| Offshore investment schemes | Schemes that involve sending money outside of Canada. |
| Ombudsman for Banking Services and Investments (OBSI) | An independent Canadian body that investigates complaints from individuals and small businesses about products and services provided by banks, investment dealers, and mutual fund dealers. See more at OBSI. |
| Online brokerage | A brokerage firm that lets you make your own investment choices and carry them out over the internet. |
| Open-ended mutual fund | A type of mutual fund that does not limit the number of shares or units that can be issued by the fund. |
| Option | The right to buy or sell an asset at a specific price for a specific period of time. |
| Order | A decision issued by a securities regulatory authority under the securities regulation of the relevant province or territory. |
| Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB) | A quotation service that displays quotes, last-sale prices, and volume information for equity securities trading over-the-counter in the United States. See more at OTCBB. |
| Over-the-counter market | A market for securities that do not trade through a regulated exchange or market. |
PQR
| Peer-to-peer (P2P) networking | A network that is created when two or more personal computers are connected and share resources without going through a separate server computer. |
| Penny stock | In general, stocks that trade for less than five dollars per share are considered “penny” stocks. Such stocks have the potential for high returns but such companies may be start-ups, may have less experience and/or disgraced managers, and typically face significant risks including a high risk of failure. Investing in penny stocks requires care and caution. |
| Pension | A regular payment made to a retired or disabled employee, usually from a fund that the employer and employee have contributed to in prior years. |
| Performance fee | An incentive fee paid to the manager of an investment fund that is based on the portfolio's performance. |
| Pig butchering scam | Type of investment fraud that lures individuals into online relationships to build trust before convincing them to invest their money in seemingly legitimate and profitable ventures but are frauds. The term "pig butchering" is derived from the idea that scammers fatten up their victims with the promise of lucrative returns before "slaughtering" or “butchering” them for their money. |
| Pink sheets | An electronic system published by Pink Sheets LLC, to display bid and ask quotation prices of securities. The company changed its name to OTC Pink in 2008, and has operated as OTC Markets Group since 2010. See more at OTC Markets. |
| Ponzi / Pyramids | This is an investment fraud where there is no actual investment. Money from new investors is used to pay existing investors to make it appear that money is being made. |
| Portfolio | The collection of stocks, bonds, or other investments you own. |
| Portfolio manager | A person with greater educational qualifications than a dealer who is authorized to make discretionary trades for institutional investors and high net worth individuals. Also, a firm or individual who manages a mutual fund or collection of securities. |
| Preferred share | A share that pays a fixed dividend and receives priority over common shares. Owners have limited or no voting rights. |
| Price-to-book (PB) value ratio | A ratio that compares the value the market puts on a company to what the company has stated in its financial statements (its “books”). It's calculated by dividing the current price per share by the book value per share. The book value is the equity of a company (total assets less total liabilities), as listed in its financial statements. |
| Price-to-earnings (PE) ratio | A ratio that compares the stock price per share to the company’s annual earnings per share. It gives investors an idea of how much they’re paying for a company's earnings, specifically whether a stock's price is high or low, compared to its earnings. For example, if a company's stock currently sells for $50 a share and its earnings per share are $5, it would have a PE ratio of $50 divided by $5, to equal 10. In general, PE ratios above 25 are considered high and PE ratios below 20 are considered attractive. No metric should be used in isolation when researching investment opportunities. For example, the PE ratio of a company may have fallen because of recent operational failures, which could lower future company earnings and investment returns. |
| Price/earnings-to-growth (PEG) ratio | A ratio that indicates whether a stock may or may not be a good value when factoring in an expected growth rate. It's calculated by dividing the price-to-earnings (PE) ratio by the company's projected growth in earnings. The lower the number, the less you have to pay to get in on the company's expected future earnings growth. |
| Prime bank schemes | A fraud where scam artists lead investors to believe they can make high returns by participating in a secret trading regime, typically with the world's major banks. |
| Principal | The money originally invested or lent to earn interest or other income. |
| Principal protected note (PPN) | An investment that promises to return you the original amount you invested (usually after 6 to 10 years). Any potential return above the principal is variable and is usually linked to a market index, a fund, or another underlying investment. |
| Private company | A private company is one that sells its securities under one or more exemptions and is not a reporting company. |
| Private key | Every address on a blockchain has a private key and public key. The private key resembles a password and is used to access a personal account and to transfer crypto assets. Like any password, a private key is not meant to be shared. |
| Private placement | A company issues securities privately rather than offering them to the public. There is no formal prospectus and the shares are subject to resale restrictions and may not be able to be sold for a period of time. |
| Promissory notes | A promise to pay back money borrowed under specific terms (payable on a specific date along with a specific interest payment). |
| Proof-of-stake | A system for adding validated transactions to a blockchain, in which a person is chosen to process a particular set of crypto asset transactions based on the amount of crypto assets they hold. |
| Proof-of-work | A system of adding validated transactions to a blockchain, which involves computers competing to solve math problems. |
| Prospectus | A formal document required by law when a company wants to sell shares to the public. |
| Proxy | A written authorization that allows a person to act for another as agent or substitute. |
| Public company | A public company in BC is most commonly one that is a reporting issuer and has issued securities under a prospectus in BC or has been listed on a stock exchange. |
| Public key | Every address on a blockchain has a public key and a private key. The public key is used to identify an account on the blockchain and transfer crypto assets to the account. Unlike a private key, a public key can be shared. |
| Public ledger | A record keeping system that maintains participants’ identities in secure and (pseudo-)anonymous form, their respective cryptocurrency balances, and a record book of all the genuine transactions executed between network participants. |
| Pump and dump | A scheme where fraudsters use false statements to temporarily increase the share price so they can sell shares they bought cheaply. |
| Put option | A type of option that gives the holder the right to sell an asset at a specified price within a specified time. |
| Rate of return | The gain or loss on an investment expressed as a percentage of the total amount invested. |
| Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) | A publicly traded trust that invests in real estate through properties or mortgages. |
| Real return | The return from an investment adjusted for inflation. For example, if your investment earned 6% interest last year, but the cost of everything went up 4%, you are only ahead (your "real return" is only) 2%. |
| Recovery room scam | A mostly online scam where victims of previous schemes are targeted again. Victims are offered the promise of getting their money back for a fee. The perpetrators withdraw the money, and the victim loses again. |
| Red flags | A warning sign that causes you to stop and seriously consider an investment as being dangerous. |
| Redeem | To cash in, buy back, or repurchase a security. |
| Redeemable | A term that applies to bonds and preferred shares where the company may require you to sell back the bonds or shares by a certain date for a specified price. Also known as callable. |
| Redemption fee | A fee that some mutual funds charge when you sell or redeem units. You pay this fee to the fund (not the broker). It covers the costs of redeeming your units. |
| Registered | Advisors and investment companies licensed by a securities regulator to buy and sell investments, or provide investment advice. Also, accounts and retirement plans protected by income tax and other laws. |
| Registered Education Savings Plan (RESP) | An education savings plan, established for the purpose of providing tax-sheltered financial assistance to fund post-secondary education. Income on savings within an RESP grows tax-sheltered. See more at Canada Revenue Agency RESP. |
| Registered Education Savings Plan Dealers Association of Canada (RESPDAC) | RESPDAC is a trade association that represents members and establishes rules and procedures for self-regulation. See more at RESPDAC. |
| Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF) | A tax deferral investment available to RRSP holders who deregister their plans. The plan holder invests withdrawn RRSP funds in the RRIF, and each year must withdraw and pay income tax on a set portion of the fund. |
| Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) | A special type of savings plan registered with the government that allows you to reduce the income tax you pay on money you save for retirement. Any income you earn in the RRSP is usually exempt from tax for the time the funds remain in the plan. |
| Registered Savings Plans | The Canadian government created several registered savings plans to help Canadians achieve their financial goals by deferring or reducing income tax, and through government grants.
Common plans include:
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| Registrant | A firm or individual that is registered under the Securities Act to trade or advise in securities. |
| Registration | A requirement for any person or company that’s in the business of trading investments or providing investment advice in Canada. Securities industry professionals are required to register with the securities regulator in each province or territory where they do business. |
| Reporting insider | The most senior officers of a company, its subsidiaries and significant shareholders, the directors, an insider that has access to information that would allow them to influence the company’s activities, and certain other specified insiders. |
| Reporting issuer | A reporting issuer in BC is most commonly one that has issued securities under a prospectus in BC or has at any time been listed on the TSX Venture. These issuers, often called public companies, are subject to the continuous disclosure requirements of securities laws. |
| Restricted voting share | A share that has restricted or no voting rights. |
| Retractable | A term that applies to bonds and preferred shares where, under certain circumstances, you can require the company to repay the principal, or buy back the bond or share, before the security's due date. |
| Return | The profit you make on an investment through interest, dividends, or increased value of the investment. Also see expected return. |
| Return of capital | A return from all, or a portion of, an investment that is not considered income. It is not a gain because it is simply paying back money you originally invested. |
| Return on capital | This is a rate of return measure. It shows how effectively a company utilizes funds invested in its operations. It is calculated by dividing after-tax operating income by the book value of capital invested in the company. |
| Return on investment (ROI) | A profitability measure. It is the gain or loss on an investment expressed as a percentage of the total amount invested. |
| Rights | The option to buy additional securities from the company at a certain price within a certain period of time. |
| Rights plan | A defensive tactic often adopted by a company’s board in response to or in anticipation of an unsolicited or hostile take-over bid. |
| Risk | Amount of uncertainty about the expected return from an investment, including the possibility that the investment may lose money or become worthless. |
| Risk acknowledgement form | A risk acknowledgement form must accompany an offering memorandum. This form states that you are aware of the risks posed by the investment. You must sign it if you decide to invest. |
| Risk tolerance | How willing or comfortable you are to risk losing your money on an investment. |
| Robo-advisor | A business that offers professional money management services to investors over the internet. |
| Rule of 72 | Divide 72 by the annual interest rate you are receiving to determine approximately how many years it will take to double your investment. See also compound interest. |
STU
| S&P 500 | Standard and Poor's (S&P’s) Corporation is an American stock market index based on the market capitalizations of 500 large companies having common stock listed on NASDAQ. |
| Savings | Money you have not spent or have put aside. |
| Savings account | An account with a bank, trust company, or credit union that pays interest on the money you deposit and allows you to withdraw your money at any time. |
| Savings bond | A loan to a government that is secured by the general credit and taxation powers of the government. |
| Scam | A fraudulent or unethical activity; a fraud or trick, an unethical scheme. |
| Scholarship plan dealer | A type of firm that is registered to sell scholarship or education savings plans. |
| Securities | An ownership interest in investment products including bonds, notes, stocks, future contracts, and options. |
| Securities Act, RSBC 1996, c.418 | The Securities Act in BC regulates buying and selling stocks, bonds, and other securities. |
| Securities regulation | The regulation of the conduct of securities market participants including issuers that raise capital through security offerings, and their directors and officers; and securities firms, their directors and officers, and their employees registered to advise and trade in securities. Securities regulation is the responsibility of the BC Securities Commission. |
| Securities regulators | Organizations that apply the rules and laws of securities legislation to the marketplace. Contravention of the legislation may result in fines and/or a ban from participating in the public marketplace. |
| Securities Rules, BC Reg. 194/97 | Specific requirements under the Securities Act, approved by government and issued by the BC Securities Commission. |
| Security token | A type of digital token used by businesses to raise money with some characteristics in common with traditional securities such as stocks or bonds. |
| SEDAR+ (System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval) | The CSA's national electronic filing system for disclosure by public companies and mutual funds. |
| SEDI (System for Electronic Disclosure by Insiders) | The CSA's national web-based system that facilitates the filing and public dissemination of insider reports. |
| Segregated fund | An insurance product that combines investment products with insurance coverage. |
| Self-regulatory organization (SRO) | An organization that establishes and enforces minimum standards and rules of conduct for its own members. The Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization (CIRO) is an example of a self-regulatory organization. |
| Settlement agreement | A settlement agreement is a signed document between staff of the BCSC and a person who agrees that the allegations against them are true. |
| Share | A partial ownership interest in a company. Also known as stocks and equities. |
| Shareholder | Someone who owns shares in a company. |
| Shareholder communication form | A form shareholders complete to indicate their instructions about the communication they wish to receive from companies on investments they own, and how they wish to receive the communication. |
| Shareholders’ equity or equity | On a balance sheet, shareholders' equity is the company’s total assets minus total liabilities, also known as stockholders' or owners' equity. |
| Short selling | The sale of borrowed securities with the intention of repurchasing them later at a lower price and earning the difference. |
| Short-term trading fee | A fee charged to investors when mutual fund shares are sold prior to the expiration of a hold period. |
| Simple interest | Interest that is paid only on the amount of the initial deposit and not on any interest the deposit earns over time, unlike compound interest. For example, in year 1, the bank pays you $5 of interest on your $100 deposit; in year 2, it again pays you interest, but only on the original $100 deposit. |
| Sinking fund | Funds are set aside in a separate account and used to pay off or redeem debt securities. |
| Smart contract | A contract programmed to automatically execute once its terms are met. The contract information can be reviewed on the blockchain and can be used for agreements between individuals, companies, or platforms. |
| Speculative investment | A high-risk investment that you buy to profit from a change in price. Cryptocurrencies (e.g. bitcoin, ether) and other digital assets (e.g. non-fungible tokens, stablecoins) are examples of speculative investments. In most cases, you don’t buy these investments for income or dividends. |
| Spot market | A commodities or securities market where goods are traded for cash and delivered immediately. |
| Stablecoin | A type of crypto asset meant to maintain a stable value relative to another asset such as fiat currency. Some claim to be backed by reserves of a single asset (such as the U.S. dollar, gold, or a basket of assets), though these claims are not always verifiable. Some are not backed by other assets at all and use mathematical algorithms to attempt to maintain a stable value. |
| Start-up company | A new business venture that seeks private financing. |
| Statement of allegation | A statement of allegation is made by BCSC staff when they have found conduct that contravenes the Securities Act or is otherwise contrary to the public interest. Staff state their allegations in a notice of hearing. Staff must then prove the allegations in a public hearing before a panel of commissioners. |
| Statement of cash flows or cash flow statement | A financial statement that shows a company’s cash receipts and payments during a specified period. |
| Statement of comprehensive income | See our income statement definition. |
| Statement of financial position | See our balance sheet definition. |
| Statute of limitations | Law that places a time limit in which an action can be taken. |
| Stock | A share in the ownership of a company. Also known as shares and equities. |
| Stock exchange | A public place where shares and some other types of investments can be bought and sold. |
| Stock spam | Unsolicited email that promotes a company's stock. |
| Stock split | When a company divides the shares it has into more shares, usually to make the stock price more accessible to retail investors. The value of the company and the total dollar value of shares outstanding stays the same so the price-per-share drops (usually proportionally). |
| Stockholder | Someone who owns shares in a company. |
| Strip bond | An interest payment coupon and the principal portion of a bond are separated from each other and are sold as individual investments. |
| Suitability | Every registered securities advisor in Canada is required by law to recommend only investments that are appropriate for an investor’s goals and financial situation. |
| Suitable investment | An investment that is appropriate to your risk tolerance and investment goals when considered in the context of your life circumstances and entire portfolio. |
| Swap | A derivative product whereby two parties agree to exchange an asset, cash flow, or some other liability for another. |
| Takeover bid | An offer that a shareholder or prospective shareholder makes to acquire at least 20% of the shares of a company. |
| Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) | An account registered with the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) that allows you to set amounts of tax-free money aside each year throughout your life. |
| Term deposit | A type of deposit with a financial institution that is repaid to you at a specified time (for example, 90 days or one year) and at a specified interest rate. |
| Term to maturity | Specifies the date or term period before a bond matures and is redeemable. |
| Thinly traded | A term that describes an inactive or infrequently traded security. |
| Time horizons | The amount of time you have to meet your financial goals and to make up for any losses you might experience. People with long time horizons may be more willing to endure periodic fluctuations in the value of their investments. |
| Timing the market | Buying or selling securities by attempting to predict future market directions. |
| TMX Group | A public company that operates several markets including the Toronto Stock Exchange, TSX Venture Exchange, and the Montreal Exchange. See more at TMX Group. |
| Trade | A trade is the sale of a security for valuable consideration. It does not include the purchase of a security; a transfer, pledge, or mortgage; or other encumbrance of a security for the purpose of giving collateral for debt. |
| Traditional finance (TradFi) | An umbrella term for traditional financial systems. |
| Trailer fees | Commissions paid by the fund company or other party to the investment dealer or advisor each year as long as the investor stays in the fund. |
| Transfer agent | A trust company, bank, or financial institution that a company appoints to maintain records of investors and account balances and transactions. |
| Treasury bill (T-bill) | A security where you lend money to the government for a short period of time. There is no interest, but rather you buy the T-bill at less than the price the government will pay you at the end of the loan term. |
| Trust company | A financial institution, similar to a bank, that can take deposits and make loans. Trust companies often provide other specialized services that banks cannot, like administering estates and pension plans. |
| Trust units | Units of a trust, such as a royalty trust, income trust, or real estate investment trust. |
| TSX | Toronto Stock Exchange is the national senior equity exchange and a subsidiary of TMX Group. |
| TSX Venture Exchange | The national junior equity exchange, a subsidiary of TMX Group. |
| Ultimate designated person (UDP) | The person responsible for an investment firm’s overall compliance with securities laws. |
| Utility token | A type of digital token that typically uses blockchain technology and has one or more specific function(s), such as allowing its holder to access or purchase services or assets. |
VWX
| Value Referenced Crypto Asset (VRCA) | Commonly referred to as a stablecoin. A type of crypto asset designed and promoted to maintain a stable value relative to the value of a fiat currency, commodity, or other cryptocurrencies. Some claim to be backed by a reserve of an applicable asset (such as the U.S. dollar or gold), though such claims are not always verifiable. The Canadian Securities Administrators use the term VRCA because the term “stablecoin” may be misleading as this type of asset can experience volatility. A VRCA is subject to various risks and is different from fiat currency. |
| Volatility | How much and how quickly prices move over a given span of time. A stock price that changes often, and by a lot, is more volatile. |
| Voting instruction form | A form that non-registered owners receive in place of a proxy form. |
| Warning | Cautionary advice that an infraction occurred without fine or penalty, and corrective action is required. |
| Warrant | The right to buy additional securities from the company at a certain price within a certain period of time. Usually included with a new issue of securities as an inducement for investors to buy the securities. |
YZ
| Yield | The rate of return on an investment, expressed as a percentage. |
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Crypto Quiz
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